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Wednesday, September 2, 2020

Using Sources As Part Of The Research Paper

Using Sources As Part Of The Research Paper It could also be useful as you're growing your define to additionally write down a tentative listing of references. If appropriate, manage the main points of your outline in chronological order. Once you have developed the essential define of the paper, arrange the contents to match the standard format of a analysis paper as described in this information. A robust define details every matter and subtopic in your paper, organizing these factors so that they build your argument toward an proof-primarily based conclusion. Letâ€™s first look briefly at what every part does and then focus on the way to organize and compose your work. When your custom paper accomplished by our specialist, it's delivered to your private account on our website and you can obtain it and use as you want. You must evaluation your customized project and approve it. If you find out that the model paper delivered to you doesnâ€™t meet your initial necessities, you'll be able to ask for a free revision. However, the outline should be viewed as a information, not a straitjacket. As you evaluate the literature or gather knowledge, the organization of your paper might change; adjust your outline accordingly. A analysis paper is an expanded essay that presents your investigation and argument on a focused topic based on the knowledge you gathered. This section is an outline of the nuts and bolts of writing a research paper. After this overview, you'll get an concept of what is concerned in the research and writing process. Writing an overview may even help you focus on the task at hand and keep away from pointless tangents, logical fallacies, and underdeveloped paragraphs. This approach is helpful when you are coping with a variety of completely different points that could be organized in a variety of different ways in your paper. Due to quick phrases having extra content than using simple sentences, they create better content material from which to construct your paper. Each process is additional defined within the following sections. Also, you want to give correct credit score and attribution to published researchers or writers. This information is designed that will help you through the process of writing a analysis paper. The methods and materials part is likely one of the most important portions of a research paper. If your professor has not created particular deadlines, create your own deadlines by thinking about your personal writing fashion and the necessity to handle your time around different course assignments. It will allow you to keep organized and centered throughout the writing course of and help guarantee proper coherence in your ultimate paper. An define not solely helps you manage your ideas, however it could also serve as a schedule for when sure features of your writing should be achieved. Review the project and spotlight the due dates of specific tasks and integrate these into your define. Everyone can use a web-based calculator to see the exact worth of a custom paper he/she intends to buy. If your customized assignment is lengthy similar to a dissertation or thesis, our writing company provides progressive supply. This signifies that your project is accomplished and delivered to you by parts, for instance, chapters. You pay individually for each half that's delivered to you. All our customers can take pleasure in friendly customer support 24/7 and get fast solutions to all of the questions in regards to the services and costs of customized papers. You can both divide this part into headings and subheadings or write it as a complete piece. It is advisable to divide this part as some readers will only be excited about one specific space or formula while others would want to understand the method you used for research. The sources you used to get concepts and write your paper are listed right here. Writing a research paper additionally includes documenting your sources of information in footnotes or endnotes. This means the reader is aware of where you got your information and may choose whether or not it is reliable. Our elite staff of enhancing experts has helped 1000's of academics, researchers, students, and enterprise professionals improve their writing and obtain their targets. The basic construction of scientific analysis papers is IMR&D . However, the order in which you write your paper will not be the identical as the ultimate order of the data. Students should understand that this part must be concise and relevant. There is no house for irrelevant particulars in any part of the analysis paper however the methodology and material section needs to be most precise. There is not any page limit however the basic purpose is to keep it short and to the point. 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Friday, August 28, 2020

How To Write A Research Paper And Choose Research Paper Topics

How To Write A Research Paper And Choose Research Paper Topics Additionally, they may create vital hyperlinks between the expertise of different specialists and your personal findings. Yet, ensure you cite their works according to the favored formatting kinds so as to not be accused of plagiarism. Also, utilizing diagrams and tables in your analysis paper will help to arrange the knowledge you current and make your task look extra logical. If you've surprising findings, you would possibly talk about other theories that may help to elucidate the findings. Begin with the assumption that your results are valid, and explain why they might differ from others within the literature. Do not spend any time interpreting or explaining the results; save that for the Discussion section. It may be helpful to incorporate a desk or determine to represent your results visually. Remember that you could be current a set of findings both as a desk or as a determine, however not as both. Whenever you current an concept for a future research research, be sure to explain why you suppose that particular study must be carried out. Begin with a brief restatement of your major findings . How do your findings tie into the present literature on the subject, or extend previous analysis? First, in such a way, you can construct a construction on your paper. Secondly, you'll turn out to be better-motivated, since you'll know for positive what info you have already got and what you continue to want to find. Such a well-devised plan will assist you to arrange the writing course of higher. Yet, keep in mind that working on some elements of your study may take a bit longer than you suppose. Stick to the subject and take a look at to not skip from one idea to a different abruptly. Also, current your thoughts and arguments consequently to extend the accuracy of your research. Please contact your Life Group chief for occasions they are gathering and letâ€™s use this season to develop in our belief within the Lord and community. The reference for the Milgram article ought to then seem in the reference list on the finish of your paper. What do the outcomes say concerning the broader habits under investigation? Bring again some of the literature you discussed within the Introduction, and show how your results slot in (or donâ€™t fit in, as the case may be). Make sure that your textual content just isn't redundant with your tables/figures. For instance, when you present a table of means and normal deviations, you do not need to also report these in the text. However, if you use a determine to represent your outcomes, you might wish to report means and standard deviations within the text, as these could not at all times be precisely ascertained by examining the determine. In different phrases, what nuisance variable have been you controlling for? Examples of references to journal articles start on p. 198 of the guide, and examples of references to books and guide chapters start on pp. 202. Digital object identifiers are actually included for electronic sources (see pp. of APA guide to study more). What additional questions had been generated from this examine? What further research must be performed on the subject? What gaps are there in the present physique of research? In another case, a pupil could be unable to take care of their assignments because of lack of time. When you come to the final a part of your paper, give attention to concluding your analysis precisely. There's no must add any new details or details at this stage. Rather than that, reiterate the essential findings you could have discovered while investigating the problem. Suitable quotes of authoritative experts and scholars will raise the credibility of your paper. Thus, you need to have a few further days or even a week to complete it. Bridges Community Church is positioned in the vibrant city of Fremont, California in the East Bay across from San Francisco. When our campus re-opens we might love to satisfy you in individual. Until that time we encourage you to get entangled in our Virtual Church, or Virtual Life Groups. We encourage you to fulfill as households or together with your Life Group and to interact in Bible examine, worship and fellowship throughout this time. This enhanced online experience provides you with resources for your family to proceed to grow.

Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Hire Research Paper Writers

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Wednesday, July 29, 2020

Aquantia

Aquantia INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in the beautiful San Hose at the Aquantia office. Hi, Ramin, who are you and what do you do?Ramin: I am Ramin Farjad-Radand I am the VP of technology at Aquantia corporation and I together with the team are in charge of developing interesting technologies that apply to the latest networking solution that the customers such as Cisco and so forth use to differentiate themselves in the market place.BUSINESS MODEL OF AQUANTIAMartin: What did you do before you started Aquantia?Ramin: Well starting from beginning I got interested in communication transceivers back over at Stanford. Maybe part of my first summer internship that I was working at Soundlabs and I started working on a 1 Gig transceiver. The target was designing the whole thing in a CMOS technology which back then most people tried to implement these transceivers gigabit, multi gigabit and higher processors like Gully Morson and so forth which is really fast processing, but at the same time p eople could not really build them in high density to integrate with the microprocessors, big logics and so forth. Part of that work was extended and Sun was interested to fund the research I continued to actually turn it into a 10 gigabit per second kind of transceiver all in CMOS. Pretty much that research was successful, I managed to build that link in all in CMOS. Back then it was a core to max at CMOS which is more than a 10x larger than future sizes that are used today which is 28 or even 49 meter. But pretty much the technology showed that today it can implement up to 10 gigabits in CMOS technology that back then people struggled to build even up to 1 gig.That was a big achievement in a sense not just, â€œHey, I can do 10 Gig in CMOSâ€ but because it opened the door for integration into much bigger chips that were already in CMOS technology or the processors or also the switches that back then letâ€™s say in the early 2000; that was the beginning of internet opening up to the all public and bandwidths and data become like a necessity, people wanted faster and faster not just processor but also switches and routers and so forth. These switches needed to have very high thoughput and with a combination of IOs that was placed in CMOS to get over the switch the switch wasnâ€™t really practical. They have to use multiple switches, build clone network it would call it, network topology or switch topology to be able to expand switch to turn it form n ports to multiple ports, n times or 10 times and so forth. It was expensive, high power and so forth and by being able to integrate this high speed link inside the same chip and it could manage to increase the throughput of the switch, being able to increase it by order of magnitude or even orders of magnitude. Thatâ€™s why it plays a critical rule to the next step.Back then in 2000, in fact â€˜99 I teamed up with a couple people and tried to turn it into, actually turn this idea or turn this technology into actual ly a solution that will benefit the industry in terms of marketing. Through this whole process weve got challenges to be able to define the right product for the technology and we started a company called Veleo Communication whose main solution product was multi gigabit or even terabit switches. Back then we focused on optical market, sonic switching and so forth because the problem was reallyâ€" in those days, the long hawl, why you doing to need networks and connecting cities at high speeds together and that was kind of the bottle neck that back then was mostly wired up to do phone networks and telephones at low data rates. Planning to do internet traffic, even forget about videos just normal internet traffic couldnâ€™t really go through these low speed networking switches. So everybody was switching to optical communication, trying to build more and more connections and networks and then there came the need to do high throughput wirings and switching between all these links. And that is why optical communication was so hot back then before colabs later on in 2002-2003.Martin: So basically what Aquantia is selling is some kind of devices with some switches?Ramin: No. This was a Veleo Communication. It was my first company that I started back in â€˜99. That was the focus of Veleo Communication, building terabit switches for optical market. And then after Veleo and because of the crash of the optical market and all of our customers which were big customers were Lucent and Nortel. At some point we have a combined you can say purchase order literal intents close to 500 million dollarsâ€™ worth of those switches but maybe within few months they went away. Nortel put hold on everything, Lucent basically shut down optical divisions and so forth. And all thing went away and expecting to be a multibillion dollar company, it didnâ€™t turn out to be that way.So we sold the company and the year after Kim and Alveta , two of my partners here in Aquantia, we started the c ompany with the vision to being able to power the next generation of data centers and networking mainly from the connectivity prospective for the upcoming explosion of data that we could see. The data was increasing, not just communication of data but also the storage of the data and so forth, to the extent that the existing solutions, the connectivity solutions in the data centers and the storage centers and the computing centers and so forth was not really enough to answer this.Back then people were switching from 1 gigabit to 10 gigabit but the solutions for 10 gigabit was all pretty much an optical domain, meaning that you had to use optical transceivers, lasers and so forth and it ended up to be expensive solutions. And knowing that these port counts that were already about like making hundreds of millions if not billions in gigabit, switching them over to 10 gig or optical at price points that are hundreds of dollars was a big show stopper for many companies to scale to that l evel. Price was a big deal, especially when you are talking about such high switch counts and our mission was to create a technology to be able to implement it over the copper lines and away from using any optical components which was pretty much also the start of the 10 gigabits over copper, over basically twisted pair copper not shielded copper just to make everything cheaper, just to make the cable cheaper. And we of course added significant complexity on the chip side to make the other side cheaper and easier, meaning anything external, even only through connectors, cables and so forth was made to be as simple as possible even the connection of the cable to the port using like RG45 type of connector that just clicks, you can find it behind your computer or laptop that has this network port versus the optical solutions that nobody can just use like that. You have to align the fiber which is like a micrometer thick with the edge of laser to make sure that the light passes through. It takes an expert to do that every time so it wasnâ€™t something that also could be basically expanded to the public or general market unless using a copper and ease of use of it. And pretty much, it puts all the burden on the technology and those required to implement it.We knew that is a big challenge and from day one we started building a team that we believe were super stars to be able to excel in this market and be able to deliver it. While at the same time when we started we had technology that we believed will put us ahead of everybody else delivering this solution not just all in silicon but also make it in like low power, because once you assume that each server or each rack of servers that you have in data center could have tens of these ports and each rack will have tens of servers and each roll of a data center can have twenty or thirty of them and then in the whole data center there could be tens of thousands or a hundred thousand of these servers. If the power is not fully controlled, it will be like a big heating machine just for connectivity and so forth. And so power is also a significant part of the equation that we started to solve and when we entered the market we introduced ourselves as the low power leaders who can not only solve the connectivity problem but also the power problem for the system.Martin: So if you would rephrase the value proposition it would basically mean that if you are looking at a data center you will improve the connectivity within the data center meaning that you will lower their energy cost thereby lowering total costs of having operating the data center and thereby transforming the data from one point to the other.Ramin: Yes, exactly. First lowering the cost of installation, the price they pay to install each port and also lowering the maintenance cost, moving forward in terms of cost of the energy and so forth.Martin: Can you elaborate a little bit about how defensive is this? Or how easy it is to defend this k ind of model from other competitors?Ramin: One of the reasons we approached this market as a startup knowing that especially if you are in hardware, networking hardware, especially semiconductor business center a lot of big companies are already in this market. We had to definitely find a path that we could differentiate ourselves and one of our biggest differentiations was of course the technology we could introduce into this market. And Tangabeste has been as they use to call it the toughest problem in the communication ICs back then and it turned out to be over yeas. Because when we started there were another three public companies that started in the same field together with us plus also the number of the startup companies, at some point were 7 companies doing the same thing. Over the years, Aquantia was the only company whose product was shipped in Cisco boxes and only one public company managed to get it right after few years after us to be our only competition today so far.So one thing is to find the technology and to also have the solution, knowing that the technology that you have is differentiating enough that not anybody not so easily can come in and compete with you in that domain. Of course, the patents that protected us in that domain. On top of that I should add as an entrepreneur just having a cool technology doesnâ€™t mean, or like differentiating technology doesnâ€™t mean anything. You have to see the problems that your customers have or are actually going to have. The smart or most successful ones will see the waves that are coming and try to prepare for it. Try to build solutions for the waves that are coming. Once they are near then you can go to your customers and say, â€œHey, donâ€™t worry, I have a solution for you.â€ Helping the customer to win in the market, differentiating yourself and basically pass the big wave and they help you in return, creating a win-win situation in such a way that customers, especially the big ones really fe el that they have to use you otherwise there are not many other solutions out there to do so.Martin: But basically this means that you have some hardware solutions like switches or something for solving the connectivity issues in data centers and when you look at the customers, customer segments, who are they? Is it only like people who are operating the data center or are those companies like Facebook who has its own data center?Ramin: Our customers customers would be the likes of Facebook and so forth. One of the big customers we can mention is Cisco systems. They actually build their network OEMs that build all the big switches and the network equipment.Martin: And in terms of revenue model is it that you are selling them not only like revenue per item or is it something like a service model orâ€"Ramin: No, we build chips.Martin: And you only sell them. You donâ€™t rent them or something like that?Ramin: No, just sell them the chips.Martin: And how do you acquire customers. Are y ou using only a direct sales force or are you using distribution partners?Ramin: No, actually because we are not in a consumer market, our customers are well defined. For example, there is usually in the space that we work in there is one dominant customer that owns maybe half the market or more. And there is another one who owns like 20 -30 percent and the rest combined will be another 20 something percent together. So we usually try to approach the first top two three because the amount of energy and even marketing and salesforce that is required to approach everyone for a small company is not really that efficient. So our approach is to go and target the big ones, try to understand their pain points and try to understand what are the things that they are working on and what are the problems that they are going to face in the next generation especially and how we can solve that. And convince them that we can actually solve the problem for them and work together with them to delive r the final solution.We have implemented this model at least twice in the life of the company and that has been the part of the success of Aquantia, a big part of the success in Aquantia that basically helped us maneuver all the hard times and the financial crisis by having strong partners that actually needed our technology so they ensure that we stay and survive and flourish and expand and being able to help them move forward.Martin: And when you look at the potential customers that you could have and you said they are very concentrated, is it that you would like to sell your solution to any potential customer who would like to buy this or is it more that you go to the top two customers and say, â€œGuys, if you want to differentiate from the others 30 percent or so then buy with us and we give you some kind of exclusivityâ€?Ramin: Depends. Of course as I mentioned, we donâ€™t have bandwidth in the beginning to approach everyone so we usually we work with top two, three big custom ers in the field and making sure that pipe thing and all the issues that would happen. And one of the things that being in an industry means you pass the quality assurance of the biggest company in the field then all the other companies will just wave any qualification or so forth and they just comfortably come to you and buy from you. So rather than having to deal with twenty companies and try to prove to them that it is good, everything is perfect and so forth working with one company and getting that stamp of approval and other guys will automatically come to you, because they say â€œIf they selected you to be their choice then it is already guaranteed that it passes our standard levelâ€.Martin: Are you currently having an international customer base or is it mainly US focused?Ramin: Currently we have also international.Martin: And you said that you have very few customers. How do you prevent the situation happening like your former company? Because your former company you also had very clamped, very clustered customer portfolio which was risky in that specific time. How do you prevent something like this in the future?Ramin: One of the things that we have to also be careful is also that when we approached the optical markets that was our only specific solution that we had, it was the only line of product that the company relied on. And that specific solution with a certain optical market going down, we didnâ€™t have any other product to be able to rely on. Even after that we tried to leverage that technology to a different market â€" from optical we could move into IP switching for example, and the company back then tried to do that. But because this whole process happened so late by the time that we switched and tried to address the same technology, it was a great technology, into a different type of application was too late for us to be able to solve the product and survive on it.One thing is that what we have done only to guarantee the donâ€™t leverage the technology itonly one application. If that application goes down, then you have no more time to try to leverage it or maneuver into something else. For our application from the beginning we tried to secure at least two markets and that is why even if we had like hiccups is one from time to time we could rely on the other and making sure that it is just like not just one big customer.Martin: Ramin, walk me through first twelve months of Aquantia. How really was it like if you would have to explain it to somebody transparently and say, â€œOkay, this is what I was doing by day, this was what we were focusing onâ€, just vividly?Ramin: First twelve months I would say depends on when the start was When we started, when I quit my job at the previous company, we had the promise from our investors that if we can prove to them the ideas we have can be manufactured and can enlarge volume and be profitable and so forth they will invest in us. They had given us very little money for the pe riod of whatever, until we prove this. Those were really challenging times because we had to cut back and just work maybe 70 â€" 80 hours a week and try to make sure that we reach as fast as possible.At the same time, it was a fairly big task so we had to get other people that we respect both technically and also have worked with before and synergy was right to get involved. But we couldnâ€™t expect anybody to quit his job or anything so we had to work with them â€" first excite them about the potential of the technology and the potential of the market that this technology can address and at the same time encourage them to almost as hard as we did after work. Pulling everything together and be able to present that at the end, we can actually deliver this.Martin: So what was the task â€" only to develop a prototype of the hardware switch or was it really to have the prototype and convince a customer and only then the investor would invest?Ramin: It was more of proof of concept, it wa s not necessarily customers involved. So usually VCs they have their own technical team that is not just necessarily people who work at the VCs, the other high tech entrepreneurs in that specific field that they highly respect and they ask them to come and do the due diligence on us.So we went through maybe three different day long due diligence by three different groups and finally we got the checkmark and we got the money. That was a good sign but more work started afterwards because building the team, building the whole infrastructure for the company that we can expand, make it scalable enough and so forth. It started from doing technical work to building the actual company for us.One of the big lessons Ive learned from my previous company is that technology is very important, we need to know we have something great, but first you have to know what is the right application for it which in this case we found what would be the application. And the second of course is the team. Buil ding the team becomes I would say one of the most important if not the most important factor that is in entrepreneurs control. The other one is the market, but we canâ€™t control the market. Markets go up and down and you have to just be smart about it and how you strategize your path, making sure that you will be safe in times and storms and so forth. But building the team is the most important thing. As a junior entrepreneur in my first company, we didnâ€™t have much experience. We thought that if somebody is smart enough and can answer all our questions just hire him. And later we ran into a lot of issues, efficiency issues. A lot of those people that we hired were really smart but at the same time it was My way or the highway they didnâ€™t want to work with each other.Martin: OK, so they didnâ€™t cooperate.Ramin: The cooperation was not really great and that inefficiency basically took a big toll on us in the first company that we had. Second time being through that we began ma king sure that they are not just good technically, sometimes even rejected some people who were really smart, really sharp, intelligent people, genius people just because we felt that the attitude does not really match with the rest of the team that we had.And to be honest maybe the first 50 people that we hired were the people we either have worked with before or one of the people that we had hired and worked with well enough to know he/she is not just great from technology and expertise but also great from personality and making sure that the synergy is perfect.Martin: And you minimize the risk because at least either you or your friend know that this guy is working.Ramin: Exactly. That was very important this goes by far more than getting reference checks that is limited to a certain extent. But working with somebody is like going on a trip with somebody friend you know much better seeing him on and off. Being a roommate with someone and you even know that person better so workin g with somebody is like being a roommate for year. Usually in companies you spend more time than you spend at home and the level of interaction is significant.That was also a key part of our selection for the team and some of the people that we hired honestly are key members, technical members that have been with us from the past ten years, ever since we hired them. And they have been with the company ever since.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM RAMIN FARJAD-RAD In San Jose (CA), we meet Co-Founder VP of Technology of Aquantia, Ramin Farjad-Rad. Ramin talks about his story how he came up with the idea and founded Aquantia, how the current business model works, as well as he provides some advice for young entrepreneurs.INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in the beautiful San Hose at the Aquantia office. Hi, Ramin, who are you and what do you do?Ramin: I am Ramin Farjad-Radand I am the VP of technology at Aquantia corporation and I together with the team are in charge of developing interesting technologies that apply to the latest networking solution that the customers such as Cisco and so forth use to differentiate themselves in the market place.BUSINESS MODEL OF AQUANTIAMartin: What did you do before you started Aquantia?Ramin: Well starting from beginning I got interested in communication transceivers back over at Stanford. Maybe part of my first summer internship that I was working at Soundlabs and I started working on a 1 Gig transceive r. The target was designing the whole thing in a CMOS technology which back then most people tried to implement these transceivers gigabit, multi gigabit and higher processors like Gully Morson and so forth which is really fast processing, but at the same time people could not really build them in high density to integrate with the microprocessors, big logics and so forth. Part of that work was extended and Sun was interested to fund the research I continued to actually turn it into a 10 gigabit per second kind of transceiver all in CMOS. Pretty much that research was successful, I managed to build that link in all in CMOS. Back then it was a core to max at CMOS which is more than a 10x larger than future sizes that are used today which is 28 or even 49 meter. But pretty much the technology showed that today it can implement up to 10 gigabits in CMOS technology that back then people struggled to build even up to 1 gig.That was a big achievement in a sense not just, â€œHey, I can do 10 Gig in CMOSâ€ but because it opened the door for integration into much bigger chips that were already in CMOS technology or the processors or also the switches that back then letâ€™s say in the early 2000; that was the beginning of internet opening up to the all public and bandwidths and data become like a necessity, people wanted faster and faster not just processor but also switches and routers and so forth. These switches needed to have very high thoughput and with a combination of IOs that was placed in CMOS to get over the switch the switch wasnâ€™t really practical. They have to use multiple switches, build clone network it would call it, network topology or switch topology to be able to expand switch to turn it form n ports to multiple ports, n times or 10 times and so forth. It was expensive, high power and so forth and by being able to integrate this high speed link inside the same chip and it could manage to increase the throughput of the switch, being able to increase it by order of magnitude or even orders of magnitude. Thatâ€™s why it plays a critical rule to the next step.Back then in 2000, in fact â€˜99 I teamed up with a couple people and tried to turn it into, actually turn this idea or turn this technology into actually a solution that will benefit the industry in terms of marketing. Through this whole process weve got challenges to be able to define the right product for the technology and we started a company called Veleo Communication whose main solution product was multi gigabit or even terabit switches. Back then we focused on optical market, sonic switching and so forth because the problem was reallyâ€" in those days, the long hawl, why you doing to need networks and connecting cities at high speeds together and that was kind of the bottle neck that back then was mostly wired up to do phone networks and telephones at low data rates. Planning to do internet traffic, even forget about videos just normal internet traffic couldnâ€™t rea lly go through these low speed networking switches. So everybody was switching to optical communication, trying to build more and more connections and networks and then there came the need to do high throughput wirings and switching between all these links. And that is why optical communication was so hot back then before colabs later on in 2002-2003.Martin: So basically what Aquantia is selling is some kind of devices with some switches?Ramin: No. This was a Veleo Communication. It was my first company that I started back in â€˜99. That was the focus of Veleo Communication, building terabit switches for optical market. And then after Veleo and because of the crash of the optical market and all of our customers which were big customers were Lucent and Nortel. At some point we have a combined you can say purchase order literal intents close to 500 million dollarsâ€™ worth of those switches but maybe within few months they went away. Nortel put hold on everything, Lucent basically shu t down optical divisions and so forth. And all thing went away and expecting to be a multibillion dollar company, it didnâ€™t turn out to be that way.So we sold the company and the year after Kim and Alveta , two of my partners here in Aquantia, we started the company with the vision to being able to power the next generation of data centers and networking mainly from the connectivity prospective for the upcoming explosion of data that we could see. The data was increasing, not just communication of data but also the storage of the data and so forth, to the extent that the existing solutions, the connectivity solutions in the data centers and the storage centers and the computing centers and so forth was not really enough to answer this.Back then people were switching from 1 gigabit to 10 gigabit but the solutions for 10 gigabit was all pretty much an optical domain, meaning that you had to use optical transceivers, lasers and so forth and it ended up to be expensive solutions. And knowing that these port counts that were already about like making hundreds of millions if not billions in gigabit, switching them over to 10 gig or optical at price points that are hundreds of dollars was a big show stopper for many companies to scale to that level. Price was a big deal, especially when you are talking about such high switch counts and our mission was to create a technology to be able to implement it over the copper lines and away from using any optical components which was pretty much also the start of the 10 gigabits over copper, over basically twisted pair copper not shielded copper just to make everything cheaper, just to make the cable cheaper. And we of course added significant complexity on the chip side to make the other side cheaper and easier, meaning anything external, even only through connectors, cables and so forth was made to be as simple as possible even the connection of the cable to the port using like RG45 type of connector that just clicks, you can find it behind your computer or laptop that has this network port versus the optical solutions that nobody can just use like that. You have to align the fiber which is like a micrometer thick with the edge of laser to make sure that the light passes through. It takes an expert to do that every time so it wasnâ€™t something that also could be basically expanded to the public or general market unless using a copper and ease of use of it. And pretty much, it puts all the burden on the technology and those required to implement it.We knew that is a big challenge and from day one we started building a team that we believe were super stars to be able to excel in this market and be able to deliver it. While at the same time when we started we had technology that we believed will put us ahead of everybody else delivering this solution not just all in silicon but also make it in like low power, because once you assume that each server or each rack of servers that you have in data center could have tens of these ports and each rack will have tens of servers and each roll of a data center can have twenty or thirty of them and then in the whole data center there could be tens of thousands or a hundred thousand of these servers. If the power is not fully controlled, it will be like a big heating machine just for connectivity and so forth. And so power is also a significant part of the equation that we started to solve and when we entered the market we introduced ourselves as the low power leaders who can not only solve the connectivity problem but also the power problem for the system.Martin: So if you would rephrase the value proposition it would basically mean that if you are looking at a data center you will improve the connectivity within the data center meaning that you will lower their energy cost thereby lowering total costs of having operating the data center and thereby transforming the data from one point to the other.Ramin: Yes, exactly. First lowering the c ost of installation, the price they pay to install each port and also lowering the maintenance cost, moving forward in terms of cost of the energy and so forth.Martin: Can you elaborate a little bit about how defensive is this? Or how easy it is to defend this kind of model from other competitors?Ramin: One of the reasons we approached this market as a startup knowing that especially if you are in hardware, networking hardware, especially semiconductor business center a lot of big companies are already in this market. We had to definitely find a path that we could differentiate ourselves and one of our biggest differentiations was of course the technology we could introduce into this market. And Tangabeste has been as they use to call it the toughest problem in the communication ICs back then and it turned out to be over yeas. Because when we started there were another three public companies that started in the same field together with us plus also the number of the startup companie s, at some point were 7 companies doing the same thing. Over the years, Aquantia was the only company whose product was shipped in Cisco boxes and only one public company managed to get it right after few years after us to be our only competition today so far.So one thing is to find the technology and to also have the solution, knowing that the technology that you have is differentiating enough that not anybody not so easily can come in and compete with you in that domain. Of course, the patents that protected us in that domain. On top of that I should add as an entrepreneur just having a cool technology doesnâ€™t mean, or like differentiating technology doesnâ€™t mean anything. You have to see the problems that your customers have or are actually going to have. The smart or most successful ones will see the waves that are coming and try to prepare for it. Try to build solutions for the waves that are coming. Once they are near then you can go to your customers and say, â€œHey, donâ €™t worry, I have a solution for you.â€ Helping the customer to win in the market, differentiating yourself and basically pass the big wave and they help you in return, creating a win-win situation in such a way that customers, especially the big ones really feel that they have to use you otherwise there are not many other solutions out there to do so.Martin: But basically this means that you have some hardware solutions like switches or something for solving the connectivity issues in data centers and when you look at the customers, customer segments, who are they? Is it only like people who are operating the data center or are those companies like Facebook who has its own data center?Ramin: Our customers customers would be the likes of Facebook and so forth. One of the big customers we can mention is Cisco systems. They actually build their network OEMs that build all the big switches and the network equipment.Martin: And in terms of revenue model is it that you are selling them not only like revenue per item or is it something like a service model orâ€"Ramin: No, we build chips.Martin: And you only sell them. You donâ€™t rent them or something like that?Ramin: No, just sell them the chips.Martin: And how do you acquire customers. Are you using only a direct sales force or are you using distribution partners?Ramin: No, actually because we are not in a consumer market, our customers are well defined. For example, there is usually in the space that we work in there is one dominant customer that owns maybe half the market or more. And there is another one who owns like 20 -30 percent and the rest combined will be another 20 something percent together. So we usually try to approach the first top two three because the amount of energy and even marketing and salesforce that is required to approach everyone for a small company is not really that efficient. So our approach is to go and target the big ones, try to understand their pain points and try to understand w hat are the things that they are working on and what are the problems that they are going to face in the next generation especially and how we can solve that. And convince them that we can actually solve the problem for them and work together with them to deliver the final solution.We have implemented this model at least twice in the life of the company and that has been the part of the success of Aquantia, a big part of the success in Aquantia that basically helped us maneuver all the hard times and the financial crisis by having strong partners that actually needed our technology so they ensure that we stay and survive and flourish and expand and being able to help them move forward.Martin: And when you look at the potential customers that you could have and you said they are very concentrated, is it that you would like to sell your solution to any potential customer who would like to buy this or is it more that you go to the top two customers and say, â€œGuys, if you want to diff erentiate from the others 30 percent or so then buy with us and we give you some kind of exclusivityâ€?Ramin: Depends. Of course as I mentioned, we donâ€™t have bandwidth in the beginning to approach everyone so we usually we work with top two, three big customers in the field and making sure that pipe thing and all the issues that would happen. And one of the things that being in an industry means you pass the quality assurance of the biggest company in the field then all the other companies will just wave any qualification or so forth and they just comfortably come to you and buy from you. So rather than having to deal with twenty companies and try to prove to them that it is good, everything is perfect and so forth working with one company and getting that stamp of approval and other guys will automatically come to you, because they say â€œIf they selected you to be their choice then it is already guaranteed that it passes our standard levelâ€.Martin: Are you currently having a n international customer base or is it mainly US focused?Ramin: Currently we have also international.Martin: And you said that you have very few customers. How do you prevent the situation happening like your former company? Because your former company you also had very clamped, very clustered customer portfolio which was risky in that specific time. How do you prevent something like this in the future?Ramin: One of the things that we have to also be careful is also that when we approached the optical markets that was our only specific solution that we had, it was the only line of product that the company relied on. And that specific solution with a certain optical market going down, we didnâ€™t have any other product to be able to rely on. Even after that we tried to leverage that technology to a different market â€" from optical we could move into IP switching for example, and the company back then tried to do that. But because this whole process happened so late by the time that we switched and tried to address the same technology, it was a great technology, into a different type of application was too late for us to be able to solve the product and survive on it.One thing is that what we have done only to guarantee the donâ€™t leverage the technology itonly one application. If that application goes down, then you have no more time to try to leverage it or maneuver into something else. For our application from the beginning we tried to secure at least two markets and that is why even if we had like hiccups is one from time to time we could rely on the other and making sure that it is just like not just one big customer.Martin: Ramin, walk me through first twelve months of Aquantia. How really was it like if you would have to explain it to somebody transparently and say, â€œOkay, this is what I was doing by day, this was what we were focusing onâ€, just vividly?Ramin: First twelve months I would say depends on when the start was When we started, when I quit my job at the previous company, we had the promise from our investors that if we can prove to them the ideas we have can be manufactured and can enlarge volume and be profitable and so forth they will invest in us. They had given us very little money for the period of whatever, until we prove this. Those were really challenging times because we had to cut back and just work maybe 70 â€" 80 hours a week and try to make sure that we reach as fast as possible.At the same time, it was a fairly big task so we had to get other people that we respect both technically and also have worked with before and synergy was right to get involved. But we couldnâ€™t expect anybody to quit his job or anything so we had to work with them â€" first excite them about the potential of the technology and the potential of the market that this technology can address and at the same time encourage them to almost as hard as we did after work. Pulling everything together and be able to present that at the end, we can actually deliver this.Martin: So what was the task â€" only to develop a prototype of the hardware switch or was it really to have the prototype and convince a customer and only then the investor would invest?Ramin: It was more of proof of concept, it was not necessarily customers involved. So usually VCs they have their own technical team that is not just necessarily people who work at the VCs, the other high tech entrepreneurs in that specific field that they highly respect and they ask them to come and do the due diligence on us.So we went through maybe three different day long due diligence by three different groups and finally we got the checkmark and we got the money. That was a good sign but more work started afterwards because building the team, building the whole infrastructure for the company that we can expand, make it scalable enough and so forth. It started from doing technical work to building the actual company for us.One of the big lessons Ive learned from my previous company is that technology is very important, we need to know we have something great, but first you have to know what is the right application for it which in this case we found what would be the application. And the second of course is the team. Building the team becomes I would say one of the most important if not the most important factor that is in entrepreneurs control. The other one is the market, but we canâ€™t control the market. Markets go up and down and you have to just be smart about it and how you strategize your path, making sure that you will be safe in times and storms and so forth. But building the team is the most important thing. As a junior entrepreneur in my first company, we didnâ€™t have much experience. We thought that if somebody is smart enough and can answer all our questions just hire him. And later we ran into a lot of issues, efficiency issues. A lot of those people that we hired were really smart but at the same time it was My way or the hig hway they didnâ€™t want to work with each other.Martin: OK, so they didnâ€™t cooperate.Ramin: The cooperation was not really great and that inefficiency basically took a big toll on us in the first company that we had. Second time being through that we began making sure that they are not just good technically, sometimes even rejected some people who were really smart, really sharp, intelligent people, genius people just because we felt that the attitude does not really match with the rest of the team that we had.And to be honest maybe the first 50 people that we hired were the people we either have worked with before or one of the people that we had hired and worked with well enough to know he/she is not just great from technology and expertise but also great from personality and making sure that the synergy is perfect.Martin: And you minimize the risk because at least either you or your friend know that this guy is working.Ramin: Exactly. That was very important this goes by far m ore than getting reference checks that is limited to a certain extent. But working with somebody is like going on a trip with somebody friend you know much better seeing him on and off. Being a roommate with someone and you even know that person better so working with somebody is like being a roommate for year. Usually in companies you spend more time than you spend at home and the level of interaction is significant.That was also a key part of our selection for the team and some of the people that we hired honestly are key members, technical members that have been with us from the past ten years, ever since we hired them. And they have been with the company ever since.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM RAMIN FARJAD-RADMartin: Ramin, letâ€™s go back 10 â€" 15 years or so of your time and really imagine: what would be great if you have known this before you start doing any company? So if you go back and say â€œOh, if somebody would have told me this kind of lesson this would have helped me a lot.â€Ramin: My first company Veleo thought me many, many lessons that we tried to implement as much as possible in this company. At the same time one of the things in addition to the fact that you have to be extra careful once you get the money to build the right team because the team is the most important asset that is in your control. The most important factor for your success that is in your control and the technology can actually change even the applications they use for the technology can change as you move forward.Believe it or not as I mentioned in the first six months of the company before our funding we were supposed to prove that the technology we are so excited about is the best thing since white bread and a year after we dumped the whole thing because we found something better. We didnâ€™t stay as â€œThis is our technology, we are going to push for it to make it happen.â€Entrepreneurs really have to be flexible. They shouldnâ€™t be attached to original ideas if the y feel there are other alternatives. They have to be open minded to any idea and really question everything and even it is your baby technology always have to question it can it be better, can it do anything better, what is out there that can beat this and so forth. That is very important not to get lost or drinking you are cool; aint thinking you are the best.That is I would say one of the most important things and the other thing I should mention is the product and the application that use the technology. You have to make sure it is differentiating enough for all the big companies, because they will be very reluctant to pick somebody with a small company like a 50-man team to deliver a critical technology to them. It becomes so risky. If you put yourself in the shoes of some executive VP making a decision in letâ€™s say at Cisco that they want to use their technology. And if Aquantia fails, the executive VP will be in serious trouble. But if give it to some joint company like a mu ltibillion dollar public company that god knows how many people working for them and has been around for like 30 years. If they failed that company fails and the executive VP fails. There is a lot of pressure in the decision making in the big company to go with you. So they have to have very convincing reason in a way that you have to create great enough differentiation for them so they say â€œIf I donâ€™t go with them there is nothing out there and then my competition may pick them and then they may get ahead.â€ So they take the risk for the right reward. And you have to continue making that differentiation sustain because you start going up on a path to say â€œI am different from everyoneâ€ and then as soon as the big guys notice that you are up there they start development right away because they donâ€™t want to fall behind and you have to continue that and continuously offer the differentiation that these big customers feel like they have to stick with you and never go back an d try to consider the alternative.One of the things that a lot of companies fall into is the fact that after some point and after they feel they have a solution or a technology, then the other guys catch up, they try to add I would say maybe change the prices so they offer you lower prices and to add a little bit features here and there to make it attractive. And if you go on and see if the features that are added are not something significant, then the other guys can also add it. So this competition, competition on the small steps rather than differentiating actually causes everybody to be the same. They say I have added this feature that do this extra thing and if it is easy other guys will add it. It becomes more and more complex product that everybody has. So differentiation actually becomes nothing.But the differentiation has to be in such way that it is like great leaps that gets others by surprise and before they can catch up to it you already got the next marker. And this ta kes agile and I would say knowledgeable team with enough experience both on the technology and the business to know what is the next great technology and what are the problems that are coming towards my big customers. Even we have to know better than them what the problems are and try to solve them for the next wave. That is how we survived and grew.Martin: Ramin, thank you so much for you time.Ramin: Thank you.Martin: It was a pleasure. Next time you are thinking about starting a company you need to be very crystal clear about your value proposition so that you make sure that you differentiate it from all the other people and donâ€™t be better only by 10 percent but maybe like 10x. Thanks.